A-Infos (en) UK, ACG: Mining, Capitalism and Resistance (ca, de, fr, it, pt, tr)[machine translation]

Introduction: Environment vs Livelihood ---- The first underground coal 
mine in 30 years was given the go-ahead by Michael Gove, Minister of 
Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, in December 2022. The 'Woodhouse 
Colliery', a 50-year mine near Whitehaven in Cumbria would produce 2.78 
million tonnes of coking coal a year. The large scale underground and 
under-sea mine would generate over 9 million tonnes of CO2 per year. 
Opponents have challenged this decision in the courts, with the main 
argument being that opening a new coal mine goes completely against the 
supposed government aim of reducing CO2 emissions. Many in the local 
community, organised into South Lakeland against Climate Change and Keep 
Cumbrian Coal in the Hole 1 are opposed to the mine and have mounted a 
legal challenge, which is still ongoing at the time of writing.

So why did a coal mine get approval when climate change is high on the 
political agenda of so many?

We know that the government continues to follow policies that aggravate 
climate change, putting company profits before any environmental 
concerns. We saw in the last issue of Stormy Petrel how the preferred 
method of doing anything is carbon offsetting, so that companies do not 
actually have to take any serious action. Capitalism requires that the 
economy continue to grow and fossil fuels are still part of that economy 
so movement away from fossil fuels is more cosmetic than effective. 
Climate change cannot be dealt with under capitalism.

However, the other issue is the fact that many in the local community 
did want the coal mine. South and West Cumbria, away from the honeypot 
of the Lake District National Park, has been impoverished for decades. 
Well-paid jobs exist in Sellafield and BA Systems but these are largely 
sourced from outside the area, with skilled engineers coming in from 
elsewhere. Alternative employment is hard to come by. The hospitality 
industry is notoriously low-paid and seasonal. And with farming in the 
decline, this traditional industry offers no opportunities. Therefore, 
when a company comes along and offers jobs, many locals supported the 
plan. These are not climate change deniers, but people who are desperate 
and concerned with the short-term future of the area.

Therefore, the opponents of the mine have not had full backing from the 
local community and this plays into the hands of the company. This is a 
common source of conflict: land use changes necessary to address the 
ecological crisis come up against the economic arguments. There appears 
to be two conflicting approaches to land use- land to be conserved and 
protected or land to be developed as a resource. It is not just a 
question of fossil fuels but all resource extraction. It seems we have 
to make a choice between dealing with the serious environmental problems 
and addressing the needs of the working class for jobs and an adequate 
standard of living.

It is this conflict that makes an issue like the Whitehaven mine a 
complex one. We want to oppose any extraction of fossil fuel yet at the 
same time we want to support workers and their need have a satisfactory 
livelihood.

This article will consider how we can do both: address the ecological 
crisis and support the working class in its struggle for a better life. 
The first part will discuss why this conflict cannot be fully resolved 
without an anti-capitalist revolution. However, as this may be some time 
in the future, we also need to think about a short-term and intermediate 
resistance strategy. We cannot build a united working class movement 
necessary for a revolution if we do not find common ground between those 
campaigning around environmental issues and those focused more on 
economic and social issues. The second part will address this question 
by using examples from both the Global North and South.

Capitalism and Extractivism

What is mining and extractivism?

The London Mining Network (LMN)2, which campaigns to support communities 
who are harmed by mines owned by companies registered on the London 
Stock Exchange, offers this definition:

"The extraction (removal) of minerals and metals from below the ground, 
such as copper, coal and gold. Mining is usually carried by a national 
or international company, with the permission of that country's 
government. Some mining takes place by people who are not part of a 
company and without permission from the government. This is artisanal 
mining and usually small scale with people working in dangerous 
conditions, making little profit. This mining is often called 'illegal' 
mining. Mining is extraction. Extractivism is the removal of natural 
resources to sell on the world market. It does include mining, which is 
the extraction of fossil fuels and minerals below the ground. But 
extractivism is more than that - it includes fracking, deforestation, 
agro-industry and megadams."

Mining as a necessary activity even in a future society

An anarchist communist society will need minerals and other resources 
such as wood in order to produce the goods we decide we need. However, 
it can be done very differently to reduce the negative impact of what is 
actually a very harmful industry for workers, local communities, and the 
environment.

Redistribution of wealth and reducing overall consumption will mean less 
resources are needed. We can undertake a major recycling programme, 
something that is not done now because it would affect profits. Mine 
work would be under the control of the workers and local community so 
that safety and environmental standards would be very high. Work has 
already been done by campaigners on alternatives, though without 
directly attacking capitalism. The War on Want produced a report which 
has been promoted by the LMN which concludes:

"We need to transform our high-intensity, wasteful and growth-oriented 
economy, so that humanity can thrive within ecological limits. Human 
rights abuses must be abolished from mineral supply chains and issues of 
over-consumption must be urgently addressed. That is why we are calling 
for a Global Green New Deal, to fight for public policies that guarantee 
energy as a public good, reduce the number of road vehicles and create 
state of the art, free public transit systems; and focus our 
technological innovation on mineral recycling and circular production to 
reduce extraction, and generate abundant green jobs."3

Mining under capitalism

Mining underpins all capitalist production, whether it be in factories 
or the service industries. History is divided up into ages according to 
the main earth resources of the time: stone, bronze, copper, and iron. 
In the last few hundred years, since the Industrial Revolution and the 
rise of capitalism , it is hard to pick on material out of steel, oil, 
and plastic (made from oil). All have been key in driving capitalist 
production and profits. The 21st century is often referred to as the 
'digital age' and there are a whole array of minerals required for the 
digital technology such as mobile phones. Examples are: Copper, 
Tellurium, Lithium, and Cobalt.

It was the search for minerals, and extractivism in general, that drove 
imperialist expansion. The obsession with gold and silver brought the 
Spanish and Portuguese to the Americas and led to the decimation of 
whole populations. The same story can be told for Africa, eg gold in 
Southern Africa and diamonds in what was the Belgian Congo. The demands 
for cheap and expendable labour for mines and other extractivist 
industries such as plantations led to one of the worst crimes against 
humanity in history: the slave trade.

Today, mining is still linked to neo-colonialism. According to the 
London Mining Network:

"...many mining companies are from other countries - historically in the 
Global North - although this is changing. Indigenous communities are 
disproportionately targeted for extractivism and, while companies may 
seek the state's permission and even work with them to share the 
profits, they often do not seek informed consent from communities before 
they begin extracting - or stealing - their resources. The profit made 
rarely gets to the affected communities whose land, water sources and 
labour is often being used. Communities are often displaced, left with 
physical, mental and spiritual ill health, and often experience 
difficulties continuing with traditional livelihoods of farming and 
fishing due to the destruction or contamination of the environment."4

As capitalism needs continued growth to survive, the demand for minerals 
and other resources continues to increase. As different industries 
emerge, different minerals may be required. With the demand for 
alternative energy sources, minerals are required. Cobalt, copper, 
lithium, nickel, and rare earth elements (REEs) are all essential for 
producing electric vehicles and batteries, harnessing solar power and 
wind energy, and other actions to reduce the reliance of consumers and 
industries on fossil fuels. Demand for these minerals has massively 
increased, to the point that more minerals are needed for the 
alternative technologies than were needed for the traditional ones.

"According to the International Energy Agency, a typical electric car 
requires six times the mineral inputs of a conventional car, and an 
onshore wind plant requires nine times more mineral resources than a 
gas-fired plant. Since 2010, the average amount of minerals needed for a 
new unit of power generation capacity has increased by 50% as the share 
of renewables in new investment has risen."5

The worry for capitalist corporations is that many of these critical 
minerals are controlled by countries such as China and others that are 
not so open to western influence. Geopolitics will therefore limit 
supply, causing prices to rise and make it difficult to meet any 
deadlines for transition. It is no wonder that the fossil fuel 
industries continue to expand. 6Apart from the reluctance of these 
industries to facilitate their own demise, there is a continued need by 
capitalism for energy, the cheapest possible.

Mining under capitalism is a disaster for workers, communities and the 
environment. It will continue to be an essential part of capitalism, 
even more so with the move to green technologies that aren't actually 
'green' at all, and the centrality of digital technology in production 
and in people's lives. It is clear that we will not be able to make 
major changes in this without an anti-capitalist revolution that has 
internationalism and decolonialisation at its core.

However, we can still fight for reforms and these struggles will be the 
basis for building an international revolutionary movement.

Building a Resistance

Global South leads the way

As so much mining takes place in the Global South, it is not surprising 
that resistance to mining is extensive. There is not the same degree of 
conflict between the environment vs jobs argument as people's 
livelihoods and cultures are still based on more traditional activities 
which rely on a healthy environment, such as farming and fishing, and 
these will be badly affected by the mine.

One such example is the Cerrejón mine in Colombia, which opened in 2001, 
one of the largest open-pit mines in the world. The mine is now 
completely owned by Swiss-based Glencore, who bought out the other 
owners Anglo-American and BHP in 2022. 7

From the LMN website:

"Indigenous Wayuu, African descent and peasant communities have been 
affected by the operations of Cerrejon, the biggest open cast coal mine 
in Latin America. The arrival of the mine has caused the displacement of 
people from their land and with that the disruption of their livelihoods 
and the breakdown of their traditional culture. The Wayuu people are the 
largest indigenous nation in Colombia and they keep their language 
alive, so the mine is threatening an ancient culture.

The consequences left by the coal extraction are serious. The main 
consequences are (1) the destruction of the dry tropical forest, as the 
mine is situated within the Rancheria river basin, the only major river 
in this dry area, and (2) the destruction of the local economy that was 
based on agriculture, hunting and gathering before mining began, 
imposing instead dependency on services linked to the mine."8

The local communities are still fighting for compensation and to 
preserve something of their traditional livelihoods and culture. 9

A more successful outcome was the fight of the Dongria Kondh against the 
mining company Vedanta, which was founded by Indian billionaire Anil 
Agarwal.10 This examples shows that the Global North does not have a 
monopoly on land-grabbing, community-destroying capitalist corporations.

"The Niyamgiri hill range in Odisha state, eastern India, is home to the 
Dongria Kondh tribe. Niyamgiri is an area of densely forested hills, 
deep gorges and cascading streams. To be a Dongria Kondh is to farm the 
hills' fertile slopes, harvest their produce, and worship the mountain 
god Niyam Raja and the hills he presides over, including the 4,000 metre 
Mountain of the Law, Niyam Dongar. The company planned to create an 
open-cast mine that would have violated Niyam Dongar, disrupted its 
rivers and spelt the end of the Dongria Kondh as a distinct people." 11

They managed to get the application to mine their land thrown out of 
court in 2013 which was seen as a victory of a David over a Goliath'. 
However, the mining company has not given up and has now teamed up with 
the government-owned Odisha Mining Corporation. 12

Divisions in the community

There will not always be complete unity in the communities affected by 
mining, just as in the case of the Cumbrian mining proposal. Mining 
companies are clever at targeting key people and offering various 
incentives to persuade others to support the mine.

At the Oxford Real Farming Conference, held on-line in 2021, Nonle 
Mbutha from the Amadiba Crisis Committee in the Eastern Cape Province of 
South Africa gave an amazing account of the struggle of the Amadiba 
community to protect their agricultural-based culture. The Australian 
company, Mineral Commodities Ltd, wanted to mine titanium, offering 
various incentives, such as fridges and TVs, and also promising jobs. 
Though the traditional leader and some other leading members of the 
community were taken in, a grass roots campaign emerged, led largely by 
women. This Amadiba Crisis Committee fought for many years, enduring 
death threats and an actual murder. Their argument was that mining was 
not only damaging to their environment, including the ocean where they 
fish, but was not a viable long-term option for the next generation. 
They can now feed themselves and want to continue to do this. "Food must 
be prioritised before profits and before minerals". "If we destroy the 
biodiversity then we won't be able to produce the food". Politicians who 
supported the mining company were forcing them to choose between land 
and money. "We chose land because it is not going to be finished".

Like struggles elsewhere, the government favoured the mine using the 
'interests of the national economy' as an excuse. Their 'Black Economic 
Empowerment Initiative' was used to argue that the mine will help Black 
South Africans develop businesses. According to Nonhle Mbutha in her 
talk, traditional male leaders became part of this thinking and then 
tried to persuade the community, even though it the male leaders 
themselves who would benefit. She said: "If they want that then they 
cannot be leaders".

Like the other examples given, this struggle is ongoing. Along with many 
others across Africa, there are systematic human rights abuses.13 
Communities in the Global South may be leading the way in the 
resistance, but at considerable cost.

The Right to Say No

One of the key slogans of the Amadiba community has been 'The Right to 
Say No'. This means that those who live in the area which will be 
affected by the mine have a right to refuse to have it, and not be 
overridden by the 'national interest' argument. It has become part of 
the tool kit for anti-extractivist mobilisations, many of which are led 
by women. According to the organisation 'WoMin':

"The world's elites amass wealth through a destructive economic system 
that has led to an unfolding ecological and climate crisis. The 
extractives sector - which includes opens in a new window mining, oil 
and gas extraction, dirty energy, industrial agriculture, and mega 
infrastructure projects - lies at the very heart of this violent 
economic system. A system that allows corporates and the global elites 
to profit through the exploitation of peasant and working-class labour 
and the plunder of natural resources that sustain the planet and its people.

In all this, women carry the heaviest burden because of their gender 
assigned roles to supply reproductive goods and take care of 'the 
family'. It is women who must walk further in search of clean drinking 
water and safer energy and put food on the table under increasingly 
difficult circumstances. Land grabs and forced dislocations linked to 
extractivist projects and the climate crisis are fuelling already high 
levels of violence against women across the continent.

Across the continent, women and their communities resist these imposed 
ideas of 'development' and organise powerfully to claim their Right to 
Say NO. From exposing the costs and impacts of destructive "development" 
projects and challenging governments and corporations to blockading 
roads and railway lines and building solidarities between communities 
across the continent - women are in the vanguard of struggles for 
justice."14

Mining in Europe and the UK 15

Any anti-mining movement in Europe must develop strong links with 
similar movements in the rest of the world. As discussed above, these 
movements are strong, radical and courageous. The London Mining Network 
does excellent work supporting communities against companies registered 
on the London Stock Exchange, such as Rio Tinto and Anglo-American.16 
Not only do these movements need solidarity but they have much to teach us.

In other parts of Europe, for example, the Right to Say No has become 
part of anti-mining campaigns. According to the Gaia Foundation, who 
hosted a webinar in 2021: 17

"Europe faces a massive increase in mining in the years to come, as the 
EU and national governments seek to repatriate mining operations and 
secure domestic supplies of 'critical' minerals for renewable energy, 
industrial and military transitions. Communities in Iberia, Scandinavia, 
Ireland and the Balkans are already feeling the pressure of mining 
expansion. Their efforts to defend lands, waters and beloved places from 
mining destruction are spreading across the continent."

The Loznica community in western Serbia was one such community. They won 
a big victory earlier in 2022 when the government announced that it 
would withdraw exploration permits from Rio Tinto for a lithium mine. 
This project would have not only increased the GDP of the country but 
would have been a major source of lithium needed for electric cars. But 
the local community, with support from many in the rest of the country, 
said NO! Huge demonstrations were held in Belgrade and Novi Sad. The 
arguments against included the damage to important cultural heritage, 
pollution and the negative impact on local farming.

Another example is the Save Our Sperrins campaign in Northern Ireland. 18

According to a speaker at the Oxford Real Farming Conference in 2021, 
Dalradian Gold, a Canadian gold mining corporation, came to County 
Tyrone in Northern Ireland around 10 years before, several years before 
anyone knew what was happening. They managed to get leases (122,000 
hectares) for minerals from the Crown Estate, which owns all the mineral 
rights in Norther Ireland. They submitted a planning application in 
2017. The impact on the community and the environment would be enormous 
so people launched a campaign. The main arguments have been 
environmental. "25% of the land on the island of Ireland is designated 
for prospecting for various types of mining. The resources above the 
ground, the water that we drink, the quality of the food we produce from 
the land, our sense of place, tradition and history literally being sold 
out from under the feet of the people in the bazar of the highest 
bidder". 19 The mining company promised to pay people to relocate, but 
like in Serbia, according to one resident, "they don't understand 
people's attachment to the land and to the area. They don't seem to 
understand that. They just think you can, you know, money will solve all 
your problems, that you can, you know, be paid and just go away."

The campaign was well aware that the first thing a mining company does 
is "mine the community"- try and win people over through bribes and 
getting politicians on their side. Loads of jobs were promised. In the 
end this worked and they lost this fight when the UK government gave the 
go- ahead to the mine in May 2022.

Campaigners admit that the issue divided the community. Obviously, the 
money and jobs argument convinced enough people to weaken the campaign, 
like it is doing in Whitehaven. The Right to Say No as a campaign slogan 
depends on the community being largely united. Despite this defeat, 
campaigning against gold, silver and other mining projects continues.

Mining companies and the interests of the community

"I have nothing against mining, many of my ancestors were miners. What I 
am against is companies coming in and destroying our landscape for their 
own gain with little to no care or respect shown to the locals or the 
local wildlife. The promise of 'jobs' and 'we haven't broken the law 
yet' is not enough to sway me."

- Adam Walsh, Galloway Against Mining

If there is to be a united front against proposed mines, then campaigns 
need to stress the fact that mining companies will not have the 
interests of the local community, or anyone else for that matter, at 
heart. All they care about is profit and they will say anything to sway 
people, as people said in Save Our Sperrins, they first "mine the 
community".

The mining company that is planning on opening the coal mine in West 
Cumbria, has tried to make out that there are a local company, with an 
office in Whitehaven. The actual company is based in Sussex and 
ultimately owned by a private equity investment firm, EMR Capital, with 
its base in the tax haven of the Caymen Islands. Executives of this firm 
have interests in mines all over the world from Australia, to Russia and 
Indonesia.

Daniel Therkelsen of Coal Action Network said the ownership structure 
could create problems, as it would be difficult for a local planning 
authority to hold a remote private equity firm to account. He said it 
could be hard to ensure that working conditions and environmental 
promises are upheld when the mine ceases to operate. 20

People, therefore, need to be very wary of promises made by these 
companies. Already in another mine in Northern Ireland, workers are 
being sacked and the future of the company is in doubt.21 Mines are 
struggling to recruit workers because local people don't necessarily 
have the skills they need. The do not have the time to train people, as 
they want to start making profits immediately, so they look elsewhere, 
outside the UK. The Whitehaven mine may well be in a similar situation. 
Companies will not provide the detailed information needed about what 
jobs will be available, what qualifications are needed, what the pay 
will be etc. Once the mine has been given the greenlight, then it will 
be too late to hold a firm based in the Caymans to account.

Across the sea in Galloway in Scotland, another campaign has been set up 
to challenge the proposals of an Australian-based company. In late 2021, 
JDH Exploration - a subsidiary of the Australian mining company 
Walkabout Resources - began exploratory drilling operations in Dumfries 
& Galloway, after being granted exploration licences from the Crown 
Estate in 2018. The area of exploration covers the proposed Galloway 
National Park, and includes Blackcraig Wood, a UNESCO biosphere region 
and an area of astounding natural beauty. 22

As with many of the other European campaigns, is the value of the 
natural landscape that is highlighted, although economic arguments come 
through when tourism is factored in.

"While campaigner and Blackcraig resident Billy McWhirter accepts the 
potential value of the resources beneath his feet, he argues this is 
exceeded by the value of the natural landscape, which is used for 
cycling, tourism, horse riding and wildlife habitat."

""Newton Stewart[...]is called Gateway to the Galloway Hills and we'd 
like it to continue being called Gateway to the Galloway Hills and not 
Gateway to the Galloway Mines." 23

As with the Amadiba campaign in South Africa, the local council seems to 
be going out of its way to support the mining company. Residents are 
concerned about the lack of transparency in the consultations. 
Campaigners such as Kenny Campbell argues that these promised jobs are 
often myths. He argues that the current conflict is really about land 
reform. The company have got permission from the Crown to explore the 
land for mining- it is the exploitation of people and land by a foreign 
company. 24

Alternative economic arguments

Campaigners often call for systemic changes and though it is not 
started, this can only mean an end to capitalism, and the system that 
sees the earth and its people as a resource to extract wealth for the 
benefit of a few. However, in order to create a more united community 
response, there has to be alternatives presented for how the economic 
issues of an area can be addressed. In many of the struggles in the 
Global South, livelihoods were affected as well as the environment. This 
is partly true in Europe in areas were agriculture is still important.

Many campaigns are doing just this- focusing on both ecological and 
social justice. In Cumbria, the South Lakeland Action on Climate Change 
has this in its manifesto:

"West Cumbria needs jobs that have a future. A variety of studies have 
highlighted the exiting potential for jobs tied to renewable energy, 
energy efficiency and a low carbon Cumbria. Such jobs would be created 
across a wide range of companies and sectors delivering a resilient 
working environment. What's needed is a collective effort from central 
and local governments, academia, and business to make these happen." 25

Members of Galloway against Mining have stressed all the changes that need.

"[We need]an underlying solutions focused approach that addresses 
climate change and environmental destruction, so approaches that involve 
sustainable development such as properly connected public transport, 
sustainable tourism like the Book Festival and the TRAD Music Festival, 
heritage such as The Museum and the various activities in Whithorn and 
beyond, accommodation like the various bunkhouses."

- Kenny Campbell, Galloway against Mining

Of course, there will be problems in ensuring that the alternative jobs 
match the skills and interests of the people in the community, 
especially young people. Jobs in tourism can be very low paid and 
insecure. Then there are the problems with assuming that the new green 
energy will provide jobs. As pointed out above, other energy forms will 
also demand resources so the basic problem is unresolved. Another option 
is to look at what has been called "nature-based economies" in which 
jobs are created in the area of nature restoration and rewilding. 26 
This idea has only positive ecological benefits but the question is to 
what extent it will address social and economic inequalities. What kind 
of jobs will be created? How well-paid? Will another capitalist 
corporation or large landowner still be in charge?27

Conclusion

The struggle against mining and other forms of Extractivism is a 
difficult one. One the one hand, mining does incredible harm to the 
environment and local communities, but on the other it provides needed 
resources. The only long-term solution is an end to capitalism and the 
creation of a society which is based on community and mutual aid, 
quality of life rather than growth, and a harmonious relationship with 
the environment and other species. This article has shown the wide 
variety of struggles around the world that are in many ways aiming for 
what we would call anarchist communism: questioning the obsession with 
growth, calling for community control and ownership, such as with the 
Right to Say No, and denouncing the power and greed of corporations, 
wherever they are from. People value the place they live in, its history 
and culture, and environment. They also want to have a decent 
livelihood. What is promising is that these struggles are linking up.

"We are very far from alone in our struggle with Walkabout, and there 
are communities large and small across the globe defending their land 
just as we are."28

- Kenny Campbell, Galloway Against Mining

1 https://slacc.org.uk/cumbria-coal-mine/ and 
https://keepcumbriancoalinthehole.wordpress.com/

2 https://londonminingnetwork.org/

3 
https://waronwant.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/A%20Material%20Transition_report_War%20on%20Want.pdf

4 https://londonminingnetwork.org/get-informed/what-is-mining/

5 
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/01/minerals-metals-energy-transition-davos2023/

6 https://www.brookings.edu/essay/why-are-fossil-fuels-so-hard-to-quit/

7 https://londonminingnetwork.org/companies-in-focus-glencore/

8 
https://londonminingnetwork.org/2022/08/21-years-since-eviction-of-the-tabaco-community-in-colombia-and-still-no-justice/?highlight=cerrejon%20coal%20mine

9 
https://londonminingnetwork.org/2022/09/blockade-by-communities-affected-by-cerrejon-coal-mine-colombia/

10 https://www.forbes.com/profile/anil-agarwal/?sh=18b2cbc661a1

11 https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/dongria

12 Not sure what has happened to this. It seems the struggle is on-going.

13 
https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/04/16/we-know-our-lives-are-danger/environment-fear-south-africas-mining-affected

14 https://womin.africa/understanding-the-right-to-say-no/

15 A whole article could be written about North America but this focuses 
on Europe. In the US there is a very sharp divide between 
environmentalists and the resource development lobby.

16 https://londonminingnetwork.org/about/

17 https://gaiafoundation.org/video-the-right-to-say-no-to-mining-in-europe/

18 https://www.facebook.com/pg/SaveOurSperrins/posts/ and 
http://dontmineus.com/

19 https://www.facebook.com/SaveOurSperrins/?locale=en_GB

20 
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/08/cumbria-coalmine-is-owned-by-private-equity-firm-with-caymans-base

21 https://www.wearetyrone.com/news/future-of-omagh-mining-firm-in-doubt/

22 https://www.enough.scot/2022/11/01/on-the-ground-activism-in-galloway/

23 
https://www.itv.com/news/border/2022-03-25/galloway-community-intensifies-opposition-to-mining-proposals

24 https://www.enough.scot/2022/11/01/on-the-ground-activism-in-galloway/

25 https://slacc.org.uk/cumbria-coal-mine/

26 
https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets.rewildingbritain.org.uk/documents/nature-based-economies-rewilding-britain.pdf

27 See our article on the Green Landowners in the Issue 4 of Stormy Petrel

28 https://www.enough.scot/2022/11/01/on-the-ground-activism-in-galloway/

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